Land tenure security plays an important role in economic performance, income distribution, and natural resource management in all economies. Vietnam implemented its land reform in 1993 to improve land tenure security by privatizing farm land and legalizing its free exchange with the provision of land titles. This book investigates the impact of land reform on farm households in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam using a panel data set with different analytical techniques. The results show that land reform has a positive effect on crop production of farm households in terms of crop inputs and outputs. It also has a strong and positive influence on the participation of farm households in farm land markets, which can promote economic structural change. The operation of farm land markets in the study area has both efficiency and equity effects. It means that it promotes both economic growth and equity. Additionally, forest management in Vietnam, which had been in the hands of the State, has been decentralized through land reform. Farm households become an important agent in forest management after the land reform. Land privatization and titling positively influence the intensity of afforestation by farm households. The economic incentive of farm households to afforest is proven by the fact that the return of this activity choice is higher than that of the most recent alternative of agricultural crop. This means that when designated forest land is endowed to farm households, their economic incentive drives afforestation. The policy implications derived from the findings include: speeding up the implementation of the land reform, securing private property rights of farm households over land, eliminating obstacles to the functioning of farm land markets, revising the efficiency of different forest land users, providing farmers with credit opportunities, promoting economic growth in non-farm sectors, and improving education.