This book provides a systematic assessment of the performance of electric and hybrid buses in urban areas on a daily basis and presents a complete set of technical scenarios to promote their efficient exploitation. It will also help readers understand how future buses will perform on specific roads and how the latest technologies can be integrated into existing fleets by proposing a methodology for evaluating the energy consumption for general and specific routes and scenarios. 
Covering all aspects relating to the daily use of electric and hybrid buses, including maintenance strategies, power train configuration, battery replacements, route evaluation, and charging speed, emphasis is placed on energy efficiency and effective implementation. Addressing key developments in intelligent vehicle technologies, the book presents innovative transportation technologies and a broad range of topics in transportation-related sustainability research, from vehicle systems and design, to mass transit systems.

Bogdan Ovidiu Varga is currently Associate Professor at the Automotive and Transport Department, Faculty of Mechanics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania and is coordinator of the Alternative Propulsion Systems course. He received his PhD in mechanical engineering at Technical University of Cluj-Napoca after studying in Germany (University of Hohenheim), Italy (Università di Bologna) and Greece (National Technical University of Athens). In 2015 he published with a team of colleagues Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles- Advanced Simulation Methodologies, ISBN: 978-3-319-18638-2, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, 524 pages, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18639-9.In 2015 Varga finished his Post-Doctoral research with the theme Energy efficiency of vehicles equipped with hybrid or electrical powertrain for urban public transport, he also became Habilitat PhD in Mechanical Engineering in 2015.Since 2011, he has been Technical Juridical Expert for the Romanian Ministry of Justice in the field of Automotive and Equipment for Vehicles Control and, from 2013, an associate member of Federation International des Experts en Automobile. He also acts as editor in Automotive Engineering and Transportation Science& Technology domains for Central European Journal of Engineering and as reviewer for several mainstream scientific journals. 
Calin Iclodean is currently Senior Lecturer at the Automotive and Transport Department, Faculty of Mechanics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. He is a PhD in Mechanical Engineering, since 2013, after studying for his PhD also in Graz, Austria at AVL List GmbH (AVL BOOST and AVL CRUISE specialization). He graduated from the Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Department of Applied Electronics of the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, in 1994, and has 20 years of working and business experience in IT&C.
Florin Mariasiu is currently Associate Professor at the Automotive and Transport Department, Faculty of Mechanics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. His research interests include the impact of renewable sources use in transportation, the effects of emergent and future technologies and related effects on environment, dependence between traffic intensity and pollutant emissions, scenarios of economic and social effects caused by increasing use of renewable sources, consumers attitude and perception of renewable sources and bio-technologies used in economy. He is also editor of Energy& Fuels domain for Central European Journal of Engineering and reviewer for several mainstream scientific journals.

-1 Hybrid and electrical propulsion systems.- 2 System architecture mathematical models and simulation.- 3 Propulsion systems- fleet usage.- 4 Virtual road infrastructure.- 5 Simulation in the loop- case study.- 6 Evaluation and optimisation of the propulsion system.- 7 Energy efficiency evaluation-case study.- 8 Conclusions.- 9 References.