Editorial Board xi
Contributors xiii
Foreword: How it Began xxiii
Preface xxv
Author and Editor Conflicts of Interest xxvii
Section A General Methods 1
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editor:Thomas A. Fleisher
1 Introduction 3
Thomas A. Fleisher
2 Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases Involving the Immune System 5
Amy P. Hsu
3 The Human Microbiome and Clinical Immunology 19
Frederic D. Bushman
4 Protein Analysis in the Clinical Immunology Laboratory 26
Roshini Sarah Abraham and David R. Barnidge
Section B Immunoglobulin Methods =/ 47
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editor:David F. Keren
5 Introduction 49
David F. Keren
6 Immunoglobulin Genes 51
Thomas J. Kipps, Emanuela M. Ghia, and Laura Z. Rassenti
7 Immunoglobulin Quantification and Viscosity Measurement 65
Jeffrey S. Warren
8 Clinical Indications and Applications of Serum and Urine Protein Electrophoresis 74
David F. Keren and Richard L. Humphrey
9 Immunochemical Characterization of Immunoglobulins in Serum, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 89
Elizabeth Sykes and Yvonne Posey
10 Cryoglobulins, Cryofibrinogenemia, and Pyroglobulins 101
Peter D. Gorevic and Dennis Galanakis
11 Strategy for Detecting and Following Monoclonal Gammopathies 112
Jerry A. Katzmann and David F. Keren
Section C Complement 125
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editor:Patricia C. Giclas
12 Introduction 127
Patricia C. Giclas
13 The Classical Pathway of Complement 129
Patricia C. Giclas
14 Analysis of Activity of Mannan-Binding Lectin, an Initiator of the Lectin Pathway of the Complement System 133
Steffen Thiel
15 The Nature of the Diseases That Arise from Improper Regulation of the Alternative Pathway of Complement 138
Richard J. H. Smith
Section D Flow Cytometry 145
Volume Editor:John L. Schmitz
Section Editor:Maurice R. G. Ogorman
16 Introduction 147
Maurice R. G. Ogorman
17 Polychromatic Flow Cytometry 149
Angélique Biancotto andJ. Philip Mccoy, Jr.
18 High-Sensitivity Detection of Red and White Blood Cells in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry 168
Andrea Illingworth, Michael Keeney, and D. Robert Sutherland
19 Standardized Flow Cytometry Assays for Enumerating CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells 182
D. Robert Sutherland and Michael Keeney
20 Functional Flow Cytometry-Based Assays of Myeloid and Lymphoid Functions for the Diagnostic Screening of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 199
Maurice R. G. Ogorman
21 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma: Diagnosis and Minimal Residual Disease Detection by Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping 207
Joseph A. Digiuseppe
22 Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Diagnosis and Minimal Residual Disease Detection by Flow Cytometry 217
Brent Wood and Lori Soma
23 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, the Prototypic Chronic Leukemia for Flow Cytometric Analysis 226
Heba Degheidy, Dalia A. A. Salem, Constance M. Yuan, and Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson
24 Plasma Cell Disorders 235
Juan Flores-Montero, Luzalba Sanoja, José Juan Pérez, Fanny Pojero, Noemí Puig, MaríaBelén Vidriales, and Alberto Orfao
25 Future Cytometric Technologies and Applications 251
Holden T. Maecker
Section E Functional Cellular Assays 259
Volume Editor:Barbara Detrick
Section Editor:Steven D. Douglas
26 Introduction 261
Steven D. Douglas
27 Cryopreservation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells 263
Adriana Weinberg
28 Lymphocyte Activation 269
Roshini Sarah Abraham
29 Functional Assays for B Cells and Antibodies 280
Moon H. Nahm and Robert L. Burton
30 Methods for Detection of Antigen-Specific T Cells by Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay (ELISPOT) 290
Barbara L. Shacklett and Douglas F. Nixon
31 Regulatory T Cell (Treg) Assays: Repertoire, Functions, and Clinical Importance of Human Treg 296
Theresa L. Whiteside
32 Measurement of NK Cell Phenotype and Activity in Humans 300
Samuel C. C. Chiang and Yenan T. Bryceson
33 Functional Assays for the Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease 310
Debra Long Priel and Douglas B. Kuhns
Section F Cytokines and Chemokines 321
Volume Editor:Barbara Detrick
Section Editor:John J. Hooks
34 Introduction 323
John J. Hooks
35 Multiplex Cytokine Assays 324
Elizabeth R. Duffy and Daniel G. Remick
36 Cytokine Measurement by Flow Cytometry 338
Holden T. Maecker
37 Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Analysis 343
Sabina A. Islam, Benjamin D. Medoff, and Andrew D. Luster
38 Cytokines: Diagnostic and Clinical Applications 357
Priyanka Vashisht and Timothy B. Niewold
39 Detection of Anticytokine Autoantibodies and Clinical Applications 365
S Arah K. Browne
Section G Immunohistology and Immunopathology 373
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editor:R. Neal Smith
40 Introduction 375
Robert G. Hamilton
41 Immunofluorescence Methods in the Diagnosis of Renal and Cardiac Diseases 376
A. Bernard Collins, James R. Stone, and R. Neal Smith
42 Western Blot Analysis for the Detection of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies and Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies 385
A. Bernard Collins and R. Neal Smith
Section H Infectious Diseases Caused by Bacteria, Mycoplasmas, Chlamydiae, and Rickettsiae 391
Volume Editor:John L. Schmitz
Section Editor:Christine M. Litwin
43 Introduction 393
Christine M. Litwin
44 Diagnostic Methods for Group A Streptococcal Infections 394
Christine M. Litwin, Sheldon E. Litwin, and Harry R. Hill
45 Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection andAssessment of Eradication 404
Bruce E. Dunn and Suhas H. Phadnis
46 Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis 412
John L. Schmitz
47 Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis 419
Guiqing Wang and Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld
48 Immunological Tests in Tuberculosis 433
Christine M. Litwin
49 Mycoplasma: Immunologic and Molecular Diagnostic Methods 444
Ken B. Waites, Mary B. Brown, and Jerry W. Simecka
50 Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections 453
Rosemary She
51 The Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, and Coxiellaceae 461
Lucas S. Blanton and David H. Walker
52 The Bartonellaceae, Brucellaceae, and Francisellaceae 473
Christine M. Litwin, Burt Anderson, Renee Tsolis, and Amy Rasley
Section I Mycotic and Parasitic Diseases 483
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editor:Thomas B. Nutman
53 Introduction 485
Thomas B. Nutman
54 Immunological and Molecular Approaches for the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections 486
Patricia P. Wilkins and Thomas B. Nutman
55 Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal Infections 503
Mark D. Lindsley
Section J Viral Diseases 535
Volume Editor:John L. Schmitz
Section Editors:Richard L. Hodinka and John L. Schmitz
56 Introduction 537
John L. Schmitz
57 Immunologic and Molecular Methods for Viral Diagnosis 538
Marie Louise Landry and Yi-Wei Tang
58 Herpes Simplex Virus 550
D. Scott Schmid
59 Varicella-Zoster Virus 556
D. Scott Schmid
60 Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus 563
Henry H. Balfour, Jr., Kristin A. Hogquist, and Priya S. Verghese
61 Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 578
Richard L. Hodinka
62 Parvovirus B19 591
Stanley J. Naides
63 Respiratory Viruses 598
David J. Speicher, Mohsin Ali, and Marek Smieja
64 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses 610
Diane S. Leland and Ryan F. Relich
65 Viral Hepatitis 620
Hubert G. M. Niesters, Annelies Riezebos-Brilman, and Coretta C. Van Leer-Buter
66 Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis 639
Gabriel I. Parra and Kim Y. Green
67 Arboviruses 648
Robert S. Lanciotti and John T. Roehrig
68 Diagnosis of Hantavirus Infections 658
William Marciel De Souza and Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figuereido
69 Rabies Virus 665
D. Craig Hooper
70 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 674
Breanna Caruso, Raya Massoud, and Steven Jacobson
71 Diagnosis of Prion Diseases 682
Richard Rubenstein, Robert B. Petersen, and Thomas Wisniewski
72 Principles and Procedures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis 696
Kelly A. Curtis, Jeffrey A. Johnson, and S. Michele Owen
Section K Immunodeficiency Diseases 711
Volume Editor:Barbara Detrick
Section Editors:Kathleen E. Sullivan and Howard M. Lederman
73 The Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 713
Howard M. Lederman
74 Severe Combined Immune Deficiency: Newborn Screening 715
James W. Verbsky and John M. Routes
75 Combined Immunodeficiencies 721
Christine Seroogy and Melissa Elder
76 Antibody Deficiencies 737
Kimberly C. Gilmour, Anita Chandra, and D. S. Kumararatne
77 Hereditary and Acquired Complement Deficiencies 749
Patricia C. Giclas
78 Neutropenia and Neutrophil Defects 765
Steven M. Holland
79 Evaluation of Natural Killer (NK) Cell Defects 774
Kimberly Risma and Rebecca Marsh
Section L Allergic Diseases 781
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editor:Pamela A. Guerrerio
80 Introduction 783
Pamela A. Guerrerio
81 Quantitation and Standardization of Allergens 784
Ronald L. Rabin, Lynnsey Renn, and Jay E. Slater
82 Immunological Methods in the Diagnostic Allergy Clinical and Research Laboratory 795
Robert G. Hamilton
83 Assay Methods for Measurement of Mediators and Markers of Allergic Inflammation 801
John T. Schroeder, R. Stokes Peebles, Jr., and Pamela A. Guerrerio
84 Tests for Immunological Reactions to Foods 815
Carah B. Santos, David M. Fleischer, and Robert A. Wood
85 Diagnosis of Rare Eosinophilic and Mast Cell Disorders 825
Cem Akin, Calman Prussin, and Amy D. Klion
Section M Systemic Autoimmune Diseases 839
Volume Editor:Barbara Detrick
Section Editor:Westley H. Reeves
86 Introduction 841
Westley H. Reeves
87 Antinuclear Antibody Tests 843
Alessandra Dellavance, Wilson De Melo Cruvinel, Paulo Luiz CarvalhoFrancescantonio, and Luis Eduardo Coelho Andrade
88 Detection of Autoantibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Bead Assays 859
Edward K. L. Chan, Rufus W. Burlingame, and Marvin J. Fritzler
89 Immunodiagnosis and Laboratory Assessment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 868
Westley Reeves, Shuhong Han, John Massini, and Yi Li
90 Immunodiagnosis of Autoimmune Myopathies 878
Minoru Satoh, Angela Ceribelli, Michito Hirakata, and Edward K. L. Chan
91 Immunodiagnosis of Scleroderma 888
Masataka Kuwana
92 Antibody and Biomarker Testing in Rheumatoid Arthritis 897
Ann Duskin Chauffe and Michael Raymond Bubb
93 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Diagnosis 905
Martina Murphy and Neil Harris
94 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) and Strategies for Diagnosing ANCA-Associated Vasculitides 909
R. W. Burlingame, C. E. Buchner, J. G. Hanly, and N. M. Walsh
95 IgG4-Related Disease: Diagnostic Testing by Serology, Flow Cytometry, and Immunohistopathology 917
John H. Stone
96 Future Perspectives for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Autoimmune Diseases 922
Jeremy Sokolove
Section N Organ-localized Autoimmune Diseases 927
Volume Editor:John L. Schmitz
Section Editors:C. Lynne Burek and Patrizio Caturegli
97 Introduction 929
C. Lynne Burek
98 Endocrinopathies: Chronic Thyroiditis, Addison Disease, Pernicious Anemia, Graves Disease, Diabetes, and Hypophysitis 930
C. Lynne Burek, N. R. Rose, Giuseppe Barbesino, Jian Wang, Andrea K. Steck, George S. Eisenbarth, Liping Yu, Ludovica De Vincentiis, Adriana Ricciuti, Alessandra De Remigis, and Patrizio Caturegli
99 Myasthenia Gravis 954
Arnold I. Levinson and Robert P. Lisak
100 Autoantibodies to Glycolipids in Peripheral Neuropathy 961
Hugh J. Willison
101 Detection of Antimitochondrial Autoantibodies in Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibodies in Autoimmune Hepatitis 966
Patrick S. C. Leung, Michael P. Manns, Ross L. Coppel, and M. Eric Gershwin
102 Cardiovascular Diseases 975
Cheryl L. Maier, C. Lynne Burek, Noel R. Rose, and Aftab A. Ansari
103 Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease 983
Melissa R. Snyder
104 Autoantibodies Directed against Erythrocytes in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 990
R. Sue Shirey and Karen E. King
105 Immune Thrombocytopenia 995
Thomas S. Kickler
106 Monitoring Autoimmune Reactivity within the Retina 998
John J. Hooks, Chi-Chao Chan, H. Nida Sen, Robert Nussenblatt, and Barbara Detrick
Section O Cancer 1005
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editors:Daniel Chan and Lori J. Sokoll
107 Introduction 1007
Robert G. Hamilton
108 Immunoassay-Based Tumor Marker Measurement: Assays, Applications, and Algorithms 1008
Elizabeth A. Godbey, Lori J. Sokoll, and Alex J. Rai
109 Malignancies of the Immune System: Use of Immunologic and Molecular Tumor Markers in Classification and Diagnostics 1015
Elaine S. Jaffe and Mark Raffeld
110 Monitoring of Immunologic Therapies 1036
Theresa L. Whiteside
111 Circulating Tumor Cells as an Analytical Tool in the Management of Patients with Cancer 1051
Daniel C. Danila, Howard I. Scher, and Martin Fleisher
Section P Transplantation Immunology 1063
Volume Editor:Barbara Detrick
Section Editors:Elaine F. Reed and Qiuheng Jennifer Zhang
112 Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Testing in the 21st Century 1065
Qiuheng Jennifer Zhang and Elaine F. Reed
113 Molecular Methods for Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing: Current Practices and Future Directions 1069
Mark Kunkel, Jamie Duke, Deborah Ferriola, Curt Lind, and Dimitri Monos
114 Evaluation of the Humoral Response in Transplantation 1091
Paul Sikorski, Renato Vega, Donna P. Lucas, and Andrea A. Zachary
115 Non-Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies in Organ Transplantation 1103
Annette M. Jackson and Bethany L. Dale
116 Evaluation of the Cellular Immune Response in Transplantation 1108
Diana Metes, Nancy L. Reinsmoen, and Adriana Zeevi
117 Complement in Transplant Rejection 1123
Carmela D. Tan, E. Rene Rodriguez, and William M. Baldwin Iii
118 Molecular Characterization of Rejection in Solid Organ Transplantation 1132
Darshana Dadhania, Tara K. Sigdel, Thangamani Muthukumar, Choli Hartono, Minnie M. Sarwal, and Manikkam Suthanthiran
119 Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Clinical Transplantation 1150
Raja Rajalingam, Sarah Cooley, and Jeroen Van Bergen
120 Chimerism Testing 1161
Lee Ann Baxter-Lowe
Section Q Laboratory Management 1169
Volume Editor:Robert G. Hamilton
Section Editor:Ronald J. Harbeck
121 Clinical Immunology Laboratory Accreditation, Licensure, and Credentials 1171
Linda Cook and Ronald J. Harbeck
122 Validation and Quality Control: General Principles and Application to the Clinical Immunology Laboratory 1180
Vijaya Knight and Terri Lebo
Author Index 1193
Subject Index 1195
