The realism of large scale numerical ocean models has improved dra matically in recent years, in part because modern computers permit a more faithful representation of the differential equations by their algebraic analogs. Equally significant, if not more so, has been the improved under standing of physical processes on space and time scales smaller than those that can be represented in such models. Today, some of the most challeng ing issues remaining in ocean modeling are associated with parameterizing the effects of these high-frequency, small-space scale processes. Accurate parameterizations are especially needed in long term integrations of coarse resolution ocean models that are designed to understand the ocean vari ability within the climate system on seasonal to decadal time scales. Traditionally, parameterizations of subgrid-scale, high-frequency mo tions in ocean modeling have been based on simple formulations, such as the Reynolds decomposition with constant diffusivity values. Until recently, modelers were concerned with first order issues such as a correct represen tation of the basic features of the ocean circulation. As the numerical simu lations become better and less dependent on the discretization choices, the focus is turning to the physics of the needed parameterizations and their numerical implementation. At the present time, the success of any large scale numerical simulation is directly dependent upon the choices that are made for the parameterization of various subgrid processes.

Preface. 1. Oceanic General Circulation Models; J.C. McWilliams. 2. Forcing the Ocean; B. Barnier. 3. Modeling and Parameterizing the Ocean Planetary Boundary Layer; W.G. Large. 4. Parameterization of the Fair Weather Ekman Layer; J.F. Price. 5. The Representation of Bottom Boundary Layer Processes in Numerical Ocean Circulation Models; A. Beckman. 6. Marginal Sea Overflows for Climate Simulations; J.F. Price, J. Yang. 7. Turbulent Mixing in the Ocean. Intensity, Causes, and Consequences; J.M. Toole. 8. Parameterization of Processes in Deep Convection Regimes; U. Send, R.H. Käse. 9. Double-Diffusive Convection. Its Role in Ocean Mixing and Parameterization Schemes for Large Scale Modeling; R.W. Schmitt. 10. Interleaving at the Equator. Its Parameterization and Effect on the Large Scale Dynamics; K.J. Richards. 11. Eddy Parameterization in Large Scale Flow; P.D. Killworth. 12. Three-Dimensional Residual-Mean Theory; T.J. McDougall. 13. Statistical Mechanics of Potential Vorticity for Parameterizing Mesoscale Eddies; J. Sommeria. 14. Topographic Stress: Importance and Parameterization; A. Alvarez, J. Tintore. 15. Large-Eddy Simulations of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flows: Geophysical Applications; O. Metais. 16. Parameter Estimation in Dynamical Models; G. Evensen, et al. 17. On the Large-Scale Modeling of Sea Ice and Sea Ice-Ocean Interactions; T. Fichefet, et al. 18. Ocean Modeling in Isopycnic Coordinates; R. Bleck. Subject Index.