This book assists scientists, toxicologists, clinicians, and public health regulators to understand the complex issues that determine the impact of air pollution on the cardiovascular system. It covers a range of relevant topics including particulate matter (PM) sources and characterization, methods of exposure, impact of PM on cells and systems, role of particles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, risk assessment, and potential environmental and therapeutic interventions.

Flemming R. Cassee is head of the Department of Inhalation Toxicology, deputy head of the Center for Environmental Health, and leader of the program on air pollution and health at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.

Nicholas L. Mills is a British Heart Foundation Clinical Fellow at the University of Edinburgh and Specialist Registrar in Cardiology at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

David E. Newby is the British Heart Foundation John Wheatley Chair of Cardiology at the University of Edinburgh. He is a Consultant Interventional Cardiologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Director of the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Director of the Clinical Research Imaging Centre, and Director of Research and Development for NHS Lothian.

FOREWORD.

PREFACE.

THE EDITORS.

CONTRIBUTORS.

PART I. ISSUE FRAMING.

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW (Flemming R. Cassee and Morton Lippmann).

CHAPTER 2 ACUTE EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER ON THE RISK OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (Krishnan Bhaskaran, Shakoor Hajat, and Liam Smeeth).

CHAPTER 3 CHRONIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH (Ranjini M. Krishnan, Joel Kaufman, and Gerard Hoek).

PART II. EXPOSURE.

CHAPTER 4 PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION (Thomas A.J. Kuhlbusch and Christof Asbach).

CHAPTER 5 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR AMBIENT ULTRAFINE PARTICLES (Timo Lanki, Josef Cyrys, H.-Erich Wichmann, and Jeroen de Hartog).

CHAPTER 6 FROM EXPOSURE TO DOSE (Werner Hofmann and Bahman Asgharian).

CHAPTER 7 TRANSLOCATION OF INHALED NANOPARTICLES (Wolfgang G. Kreyling, Winfried Möller, Otmar Schmid, Manuela Semmler-Behnke, and Günter Oberdörster).

CHAPTER 8 ROLE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN DETERMINING THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF PARTICLES (Andrew J. Ghio and Yuh-Chin T. Huang).

PART III. METHODOLOGY.

CHAPTER 9 IN VITRO STUDIES (Per E. Schwarze and Gerrit M. Alink).

CHAPTER 10 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN ANIMALS (Urmila P. Kodavanti, Lung-Chi Chen, and Daniel L. Costa).

CHAPTER 11 HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES (Jeremy P. Langrish, Mark W. Frampton, and Anders Blomberg).

CHAPTER 12 PANEL STUDIES (Joel Schwartz).

PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS.

A. ATHEROGENESIS.

CHAPTER 13 PARTICULATES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS (Steffen Loft, Roel P.F. Schins, and Peter Møller).

CHAPTER 14 ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE ATHEROGENIC EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER (Thomas Sandström and David Newby).

CHAPTER 15 INHALED PARTICLES, POSTPRANDIAL LIPIDS, AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION TO ATHEROGENESIS: THE TROJAN HORSE HYPOTHESIS (Carlijne Hassing, Maarten J.M. Cramer, and Marcel Th.B. Twickler).

CHAPTER 16 INHALED PARTICULATE MATTER AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN HUMANS (Barbara Hoffmann and Nino Künzli).

CHAPTER 17 EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES ON THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE (Laurel E. Plummer, Kent E. Pinkerton, Amy K. Madl, and Dennis W. Wilson).

CHAPTER 18 PARTICULATE MATTER, HYPERTENSION, AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME (Robert D. Brook and Sanjay Rajagopalan).

CHAPTER 19 PARTICLES AND THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM (Nicholas L. Mills and Mark R. Miller).

PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS.

B. VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION.

PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS.

C. THROMBOSIS.

CHAPTER 20 PARTICLES, COAGULATION, AND THROMBOSIS (Evren Kilinç, Goran Rude¸, Henri M.H. Spronk, Abderrahim Nemmar, Moniek P.M. de Maat, Hugo ten Cate and Marc F. Hoylaerts).

CHAPTER 21 PARTICLES AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROTHROMBOSIS (Qinghua Sun and Xiaohua Xu).

PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS.

D. ARRHYTHMIA.

CHAPTER 22 PARTICLES AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (Swapna Upadhyay, Alison Elder, Wayne E. Cascio, and Holger Schulz).

CHAPTER 23 AIR POLLUTION AND ARRHYTHMIA (Helen C. Routledge and Jonathan N. Townend).

PART V. ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY.

CHAPTER 24 RISK ASSESSMENT (Robert L. Maynard and Jon G. Ayres).

CHAPTER 25 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER (Richard Damberg, Klaas Krijgsheld, May Ajero, and Sophie Punte).

CHAPTER 26 FROM AMBIENT ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TO NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTOXICOLOGY (Ken Donaldson and David B. Warheit).

INDEX.